The summer solstice has come and (just) gone; it’s full summer by anyone’s measure. And with its arrival in 2024 have come heat waves across the Northern Hemisphere. Temps in Boston this week were 95-97F (35-36C) with heat indices much higher. In Quebec and Ontario, the heat indices were expected to reach up to 45C (113F). According to the news agency Reuters, more than 100 million Americans were under heat advisories, watches and warnings last Thursday.
It’s cooler this weekend where I live, but other parts of the globe are continuing to suffer from extreme heat. Hundreds of pilgrims traveling to Mecca in Saudi Arabia for the hajj have died from heat-related causes in temperatures reaching 50C (122F). You can read more about this month’s heat trends in Central America here and Europe here— two of many examples of what is happening as the summer progresses.
Amidst all of this thermal stress, preparation for the 2024 Paris XXXIII Olympic Games continues. The Olympic Games run from 26 June to 11 August. But the organizers aren’t providing air conditioning for the Olympic Village quarters where the athletes reside during the competition. Instead they designed an environmentally sustainable multi-part system with insulation, shutters, cross-ventilation, and a geothermal system pumping cool water through pipes in concrete floors. They promised rooms with maximum evening temperature of 79F (26C).
There are just two problems with this plan.
Problem one: According to lots of research on athletic and general performance (and sleep) in heat, overnight temps of 79F significantly reduce quality of sleep and subsequent performance of all sorts of activities.
The New York Times reported in this article how some enterprising Boston researchers used the natural experiment of a 2016 heat wave to do a study that showed dramatically decreased performance for students in 79F rooms vs. 70F rooms overnight.
“During the hottest days, the students in the un-air-conditioned dorms, where nighttime temperatures averaged 79 degrees, performed significantly worse on the tests they took every morning than the students with A.C., whose rooms stayed a pleasant 71 degrees.
As for athletic performance, this area has been well-studied and the results are clear: increased heat both reduces physical performance levels and endangers athletes who are pushing themselves to peak effort during international competition.
Last Tuesday, a group of athletes, climate scientists and exercise physiologists released a report called “Rings of Fire: Heat Risks at the 2024 Paris Olympics”. In it they explain the serious heat conditions and the threats they impose on athletics competing in this summer’s Olympic Games. They include expert analyses of heat effects on the body along with first-person accounts from international competitors across sports, describing their experiences and the challenges they and their sports face. Here are some of the athletes’ own words:
Jenny Casson – ROWER, CANADA
“I have had to change my training in Canada and train in a “heat chamber” (a vehicle designed to recreate a humidity and heat as desired by the user) to prepare myself for the 40°C heat of summertime racing. On numerous occasions I have been unable to complete sessions and have broken down mentally because physically my body cannot respond any more to the demands a workout is asking of it. I get scared because when my internal body temperature rises too much, I feel as though I cannot breathe and that is a very worrisome state to be in. I’ve felt suffocated because often the air is so heavy it is a challenge to get it in. I am still worried for what those experiences did to my body and the long term effects. Looking back on it now, I think it was dangerous and my body was responding to a very real fear of overheating.”
Eliza McCartney – POLE VAULT, NEW ZEALAND
“I was told once I had experienced heat illness, it was likely to come on more readily next time, and that was a problem for not only my training camp in Cyprus, but the thought of how I would handle the upcoming major competitions that were in hot places (Doha and Tokyo). It was both a physical and psychological concern. Another consideration is safety – I use a black sticky grip that loses its adhesion with sweat. I’ve had issues (as well as other vaulters) with slipping on the pole in high humidity and heat.”
Pragnya Mohan– TRIATHLON, INDIA
“Triathlon is a very intensive sport and heat enhances the amount of energy required. This leads to severe dehydration resulting in cramps, and in some cases can also be fatal. For this reason, athletes need to train in such conditions because it can lead to adverse effects if your body is not used to it. From April to October the temperature in India is very hot so all outdoor training must finish by 8am. The rest of the training is indoors. It is very difficult to train in a country like India where we have tropical weather. I have to stick to Europe for training.
When you are dehydrated, the brain stops functioning at its normal speed. This affects the time required to make decisions impacting reflexes. For example, during cycling you have a few milliseconds to decide to either draft or break away or apply any other race strategy. Hence performance suffers.
This gets us to Problem two, which Pragyna Mohan’s story highlights. She said that she has to train in Europe during the hottest parts of the Indian calendar year; she can’t safely train there past 8am. Thousands of athletes who live in countries where temperatures rise past safe limits for sleeping, ordinary activity and athletic training face a terrible dilemma: either get funding for training in cooler climes, or try to develop in their sport under conditions at best suboptimal for performance and at worst life-threatening. Inequity in access to safe training conditions creates large disparities in individual performances and development of sports in less well-resourced countries experiencing the effects of climate change.
Which gets us back to Paris and the non-air-conditioned lodgings in the Olympic Village. In response to the sustainable athlete dormitory plan, a number of wealthy countries, including the US, the UK, Australia, Canada, Italy, Germany, and Denmark (so far), are BYOAC-ing– bringing their own air conditioners. The Washington Post in this story added that many other countries plan to buy AC units in France for their athletes.
But not all the athletes will be able to rest, eat and sleep in artificially cool comfort. This from the Post:
“We don’t have deep pockets,” said Donald Rukare, a lawyer who is president of the Uganda Olympic Committee. Rukare mentioned a sweltering international sports competition in Turkey a few years ago, where athletes stayed in rooms without air-conditioning. Some federations shipped in portable units; Uganda did not. “Because we didn’t have the money,” he said.
It makes sense that the Paris design committee wanted to showcase sustainable design and engineering for the Olympic Village. And if summer temperatures don’t rise beyond what is normally predicted– about 79F (26C), there isn’t much to worry about. But, Paris has experienced numerous extreme heat waves in recent years, including four in 2023 that left more than 5000 people dead. 2024 is looking to be as hot or hotter. So you do the thermal math.
What I hope is that the International Olympic Committee will work with wealthier nations and organizations to make sure that all the Olympic athletes get equal access to a good night’s sleep and a cool place to rest and prepare for the the culmination of their life’s work. Otherwise, it’s just another hot and inequitable playing field.